There’s been over a decade of solid research on “hooking up” — uncommitted sexual encounters that involve anything from kissing and touching to oral sex to penetrative sex— among college students.  There’s a lot we know… and a lot we have to learn.

Hooking up has replaced dating as the social norm on college campuses — but that doesn’t mean there’s rampant sex everywhere.

Casual sex has always been a part of campus life, right?  Yes, but it wasn’t the social norm.  As sociologist Kathleen Bogle puts it, “Instead of dating that leads to sex, the sex comes first and may lead to a relationship.”  In one survey, one-third of students revealed that their first time having intercourse was during a hookup.

Two studies by evolutionary biologist Justin Garcia found that the majority of college students have some sort of casual sex experience.  However, “no more than 20% of  students hook up very often, a third abstain altogether from hooking up and the remainder are occasional participants.”  Sociology professor Lisa Wade found that the median number for college hookups for a graduating senior is seven.

The strongest predictor of hookup behavior?  A previous hookup.  Those who have engaged in hookups that involve penetrative sex are 600% more likely to hook up again during the same semester.

The sexual behaviors of hook-up culture are different. 

Several studies indicate that rates of vaginal intercourse have declined significantly in the last decade, while rates of oral and anal sex have risen.  According to Garcia, “Oral sex now precedes intercourse and is defined as not really sex.”  However, men are the recipients of this increase — women are actually receiving significantly less oral sex.

The sex isn’t that great, at least not for women.

Several studies reveal that much hookup sex is unpleasurable or coercive. There is a significant orgasm gap between men and women who hook up and a significantly greater likelihood of sexual assault for women who participate in hookup culture.

College students overshare STDs.

According to a Stanford study, one in four college students graduate with an STD along with their diploma.  Hooking up involves more unplanned sexual encounters that are less likely to involve STI protection than planned sex.  Many students apparently believe they have it covered — their use of condoms during vaginal intercourse has increased significantly.  And yet STI transmission has increased during the past decade, likely due to unprotected oral and anal sex.  Many students are unaware that oral sex carries a significant risk of infection.

The more alcohol, the more likely a hook up will follow.  And binge-drinking is significantly up from previous decades, particularly for women.  

A majority of students said that their hookups occurred after drinking alcohol — on average, 3 drinks for women and 5 drinks for men.  Physician and psychologist Leonard Sax notes that among college students who meet the clinical criteria for alcohol abuse, women now outnumber men — their rate of alcohol abuse has “roughly quadrupled” in the past 40 years.

In her interview of University of Pennsylvania students, New York Times journalist Kate Taylor noted “women universally said that hookups could not exist without alcohol, because they were for the most part too uncomfortable to pair off with men they did not know well without being drunk.”  Added one Penn student, “Guys assume that (when drinking is involved) the default answer is always yes.”

The “double standard” is alive and well.  

As Bogle notes, “The hookup culture definitely affects the genders differently in at least two important ways. First, women are far more likely than men to get a bad reputation for how they conduct themselves in hookup culture. Women can get a bad reputation for many different things, including how often they hook up, who they hook up with, how far they go sexually during a hookup, and how they dress when they go out on a night where hooking up may happen. Men who are very active in the hookup culture may be called a ‘player’; women, on the other hand, get labeled a ‘slut.’”

One Penn student revealed, “I definitely wouldn’t say I’ve regretted any of my one-night stands.” At the same time, she didn’t want the number of people she had slept with printed and said it was important to keep her sexual life separate from her image as a leader at Penn.

Many men and women experience hookup regret.

Social psychologist Elaine Eshbaugh found in one study that 77% of students regretted their hookups and in another, that 78% of women and 72% of men who had uncommitted vaginal, anal and/or oral sex regretted the experience.  Men were more likely to be sorry for having used another person and women regretted the experience because they felt they had been used.  Researchers Freitas and Campbell found that while women usually feel worse after a hookup than men do, 39% of men expressed extreme regret, shame and frustration with themselves about their hookup experience.

Many men and women hope their hookups will result in a relationship. 

Most young men and women appear to want emotional connection — and many of them are seeking it through hookups.  Garcia found that both men and (slightly more) women report the potential to form a relationship as a main motivation for hooking up, and perhaps even more surprising, a majority of both men (63%) and women (83%) expressed a preference for a traditional romantic relationship as opposed to an uncommitted sexual relationship. Without exception,” sex counselor Ian Kerner notes, students “discuss a long-term monogamous relationship as their desired end goal.”

There are many forces driving hookup culture and many perspectives on how best to navigate it.  I’ll cover those in my next blog!